Occasional Paper No. 9

Rate and Causes of Deforestation in Indonesia:
Towards a Resolution of the Ambiguities

Table 1: Change over time in views on causes of deforestation in Indonesia

[Chapter 1]
Introduction

[Chapter 2]
The problem of imprecise and conflicting definitions

[Chapter 3]
Smallholders

[Chapter 4]
Logging and the timber industry

[Chapter 5]
Estates and plantations

[Chapter 6]
Guidelines for the determination of rates and causes

[Chapter 7]
Summary and conclusion

[Chapter 8]
Acknowledgements

Tables

[Table 1]
Change over time in views on causes of deforestation in Indonesia

[Table 2]
Estimates of annual deforestation in Indonesia (thousands of ha)

[Table 3]
Population density and forest cover by Province in Indonesia (1982) (ranked in ascending order of population density)

SOURCE	TYPE OF CAUSE
	AGENT					UNDERLYING
	smallholder			plantations & tree crops	timber industry	government / politics	economic development
	shifting cultivation	spontaneous transmigrants	regular transmigrants	plantations & tree crops	timber industry	government / politics	economic development
World Bank 1990
FAO 1990
Dick 1991
WALHI 1992	effects overstated
Barbier et al. 1993	growing population density most important
Ascher 1993						Government - MOF alliance	economic diversification
Porter 1994
Dauvergne 1994					effects understated
Thiele 1994	effects overstated				effects understated
World Bank 1994	effects overstated				effects understated
Angelsen 1995	effects overstated					government land claims	exogenous price effects
MOF 1995	effects overstated
Ross 1996						ruling coalition
Fraser 1996	population density			effects overstated
Hasanuddin 1996	smallholders blameless
Dove 1996	effects overstated					national political economics

Shaded area indicates form of agency assumed to have the largest role in deforestation.