This document summarizes research on smallholder agroforestry and forestry systems in hilly and mountainous landscapes across Asia. It finds that while agroforestry plays an important role in livelihoods, smallholders are a diverse group with varying needs, characteristics, and practices. Governments and organizations promote interventions on slopes for environmental and development goals, but research lacks attention to sociocultural and political contexts. Incorporating social science can provide a more nuanced understanding of smallholders and the complex relationships between people and landscapes to improve agroforestry interventions.
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